Jesus & Moses, Texts, Pt 1
In the letter to the Galatians, Paul says a lot about the relationship of Jesus to the "Law of Moses." In preparation for our study of that letter in June, I asked the group to ask God to teach them how to understand Jesus' perspective of the Mosaic Covenant. Here are all of the texts (NASB) in the four Gospels which specifically mention Moses or the Law. These are in chronological order according to O. E. Daniel's Harmony of the Gospels. There are many more relevant texts, but these are the only places in the four Gospels where the words "Moses" or "Law" are actually used. The term "Torah" is often used as if it were synomous with "Law. " "Torah" normally means "teaching."
1. Jesus' Orthodox Childhood Home
2. John's (the Author) summary concerning Jesus and the Law
3. The Testimony of Phillip to Nathanael
4. Jesus' own statements about the Law
5. Jesus uses something Moses did to illustrate His coming crucifixion.
6. Jesus says Moses will judge those who trust in the Law.
7. Jesus said Moses wrote about Himself.
8. Jesus points out God's role in the giving of the manna, denying Moses that authority, and then describing Himself as the true manna.
9. Jesus condemned those who did not keep the Spirit of the Law Of Moses and justified Himself when He broke the literal regulations in order to do good.
10. The Pharisees use the Mosaic Law to set a trap for Jesus.
11. Jesus uses the Law to defend Himself against them.
12. The Pharisees claim to be "disciples of Moses."
13. Jesus' teaching about the Messiah being crucified was considered a contradiction of the Torah.
14. John treated a prophecy about Jesus found in the Psalms as if it came from the Torah.
15. The Jewish authorities considered His claim to be the Son of God as the basis for executing Him under Mosaic Law.
16. Jesus sometimes commanded obedience to Moses' laws concerning the declaration of cleaness after healing people.
17. Moses and Elijah came from Heaven to meet with Jesus, to discuss with Him what He was about to go through.
18. Jesus explains the intent of Moses' Law concerning divorce.
19. The Sadducees try to use Moses' Law to prove there was no resurrection of the dead. Jesus silenced them using Moses' own words.
20. Jesus' recognized the Authority of the Scribes and Pharisees as being based on Moses.
21. Jesus points out how the Pharisees had invalidated one of the 10 commandments.
22. In the Parable of the rich man and Lazarus, Jesus quotes Abraham as saying that Moses and the Prophets is all that anyone needs.
23. The resurrected Jesus explains the things Moses and the prophets wrote about Himself.
1. Jesus' Orthodox Childhood Home
To understand the relationship between Jesus and Moses, and their two covenants, you should know that Mary & Joseph were observant Jews, and that everything Moses' law required of the birth of a firstborn Jew had been performed for Jesus. There was no rebellion against Moses or the Law in the home where Jesus grew up.
Luke 2:22-24 And when the days for their purification according to the law of Moses were completed, they brought Him up to Jerusalem to present Him to the Lord, (as it is written in the Law of the Lord, " EVERY firstborn MALE THAT OPENS THE WOMB SHALL BE CALLED HOLY TO THE LORD"), and to offer a sacrifice according to what was said in the Law of the Lord, " A PAIR OF TURTLEDOVES OR TWO YOUNG PIGEONS."
Luke 2:27 And he came in the Spirit into the temple; and when the parents brought in the child Jesus, to carry out for Him the custom of the Law...
Luke 2:39 When they had performed everything according to the Law of the Lord, they returned to Galilee, to their own city of Nazareth.
2. John's (the author) summary concerning Jesus and the Law
John 1:17 For the Law was given through Moses; grace and truth were realized through Jesus Christ.
3. The testimony of Phillip to Nathanael
John 1:45 Philip found Nathanael and said to him, "We have found Him of whom Moses in the Law and also the Prophets wrote--Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph."
4. Jesus' own statements about the Law
Matthew 5:17 "Do not think that I came to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I did not come to abolish but to fulfill.
Luke 16:17 " But it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away than for one stroke of a letter of the Law to fail.
Matthew 5:18 "For truly I say to you, until heaven and earth pass away, not the smallest letter or stroke shall pass from the Law until all is accomplished.
Luke 24:44 Now He said to them, " These are My words which I spoke to you while I was still with you, that all things which are written about Me in the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms must be fulfilled."
Matthew 7:12 "In everything, therefore, treat people the same way you want them to treat you, for this is the Law and the Prophets.
Luke 16:16 "The Law and the Prophets were proclaimed until John; since that time the gospel of the kingdom of God has been preached, and everyone is forcing his way into it.
Matthew 11:13 "For all the prophets and the Law prophesied until John.
Luke 10:26 And He said to him, "What is written in the Law? How does it read to you?"
Matthew 12:5 "Or have you not read in the Law, that on the Sabbath the priests in the temple break the Sabbath and are innocent?
Matthew 22:40 "On these two commandments depend the whole Law and the Prophets."
5. Jesus uses something Moses did to illustrate His coming crucifixion.
John 3:14 "As Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of Man be lifted up;
6. Jesus says Moses will judge those who trust in the Law.
Those who set their hope on Moses will be accused by Moses. Jesus will not need to judge them Himself.
John 5:45 "Do not think that I will accuse you before the Father; the one who accuses you is Moses, in whom you have set your hope."
7. Jesus said Moses wrote about Himself.
John 5:46 "For if you believed Moses, you would believe Me, for he wrote about Me."
8. Jesus points out God's role in the giving of Manna, denying Moses that authority, and then describing Himself as the true manna.
John 6:32 Jesus then said to them, "Truly, truly, I say to you, it is not Moses who has given you the bread out of heaven, but it is My Father who gives you the true bread out of heaven.
9. Jesus condemned those who did not keep the Spirit of the Law Of Moses and justified Himself when He broke the literal regulations in order to do good.
Matthew 23:23 "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you tithe mint and dill and cummin, and have neglected the weightier provisions of the law: justice and mercy and faithfulness; but these are the things you should have done without neglecting the others.
John 7:19 "Did not Moses give you the Law, and yet none of you carries out the Law? Why do you seek to kill Me?"
John 7:22,23 "For this reason Moses has given you circumcision (not because it is from Moses, but from the fathers), and on the Sabbath you circumcise a man. If a man receives circumcision on the Sabbath so that the Law of Moses will not be broken, are you angry with Me because I made an entire man well on the Sabbath?
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10. The Jewish Mosaic Leadership uses the Mosaic Law to set a trap for Jesus.
John 8:5 Now in the Law Moses commanded us to stone such women; what then do You say?"
John 8:7 But when they persisted in asking Him, He straightened up, and said to them, "He who is without sin among you, let
him be the first to throw a stone at her."
John 8:10 Straightening up, Jesus said to her, "Woman, where are they? Did no one condemn you?"
John 8:11 She said, "No one, Lord." And Jesus said, "I do not condemn you, either. Go From now on sin no more."
This is MERCY. She did deserve death, but so did her accusers. He was not ready to punish them all. He perceived
her humility towards Himself, and was merciful, but with a stern Moses-like warning.
11. Jesus uses the Law to defend Himself against them.
John 8:17 "Even in your law it has been written that the testimony of two men is true.
John 10:34 Jesus answered them, "Has it not been written in your Law, ' I SAID, YOU ARE GODS'?
12. The Pharisees claimed to be "disciples of Moses."
John 9:28 They reviled him and said, "You are His disciple, but we are disciples of Moses.
13. Jesus' teaching about the Messiah being crucified was considered a contradiction of the Torah.
John 12:34 The crowd then answered Him, "We have heard out of the Law that the Christ is to remain forever; and how can You say, 'The Son of Man must be lifted up'? Who is this Son of Man?"
14. John treated a prophecy about Jesus found in the Psalms as coming from the Jewish Torah.
John 15:25 "But they have done this to fulfill the word that is written in their Law, ' THEY HATED ME WITHOUT A CAUSE.'
15. The Jewish authorities considered His claim to be the Son of God as the basis for executing Him under Mosaic Law.
John 19:7 The Jews answered him, " We have a law, and by that law He ought to die because He made Himself out to be the Son of God."
16. Jesus commanded obedience to certain laws concerning the declaration of cleaness after healing people. This was a practical rule that was helpful to everyone, sort of like a certification proceedure, for the protection of othersand for the well being of the person healed, since it meant he could resume normal way of life.
Matthew 8:4 And Jesus said to him, " See that you tell no one; but go, show yourself to the priest and present the offering that Moses commanded, as a testimony to them."
Mark 1:44 and He said to him, " See that you say nothing to anyone; but go, show yourself to the priest and offer for your cleansing what Moses commanded, as a testimony to them."
Luke 5:14 And He ordered him to tell no one, "But go and show yourself to the priest and make an offering for your cleansing, just as Moses commanded, as a testimony to them."
17. Moses and Elijah came from Heaven to meet with Jesus, to discuss with Him what He was about to go through.
Matthew 17:3 And behold, Moses and Elijah appeared to them, talking with Him.
Mark 9:4 Elijah appeared to them along with Moses; and they were talking with Jesus.
Luke 9:30 And behold, two men were talking with Him; and they were Moses and Elijah,
18. Jesus explains the intent of Moses' Law concerning divorce.
Matthew 19:7,8 They said to Him, " Why then did Moses command to GIVE HER A CERTIFICATE OF DIVORCE AND SEND her AWAY?" He said to them, "Because of your hardness of heart Moses permitted you to divorce your wives; but from the beginning it has not been this way.
Mark 10:3,4 And He answered and said to them, "What did Moses command you?" They said, " Moses permitted a man TO WRITE A CERTIFICATE OF DIVORCE AND SEND her AWAY."
19. The Sadducees try to use Moses Law to prove there was no resurrection of the dead. Jesus silenced them using Moses' own words.
Matthew 22:24 asking, "Teacher, Moses said, ' IF A MAN DIES HAVING NO CHILDREN, HIS BROTHER AS NEXT OF KIN SHALL MARRY HIS WIFE, AND RAISE UP CHILDREN FOR HIS BROTHER.'
Mark 12:19 "Teacher, Moses wrote for us that IF A MAN'S BROTHER DIES and leaves behind a wife AND LEAVES NO CHILD, HIS BROTHER SHOULD MARRY THE WIFE AND RAISE UP CHILDREN TO HIS BROTHER.
Luke 20:28 and they questioned Him, saying, "Teacher, Moses wrote for us that IF A MAN'S BROTHER DIES, having a wife, AND HE IS CHILDLESS, HIS BROTHER SHOULD MARRY THE WIFE AND RAISE UP CHILDREN TO HIS BROTHER.
Mark 12:26,27 "But regarding the fact that the dead rise again, have you not read in the book of Moses, in the passage about the burning bush, how God spoke to him, saying, ' I AM THE GOD OF ABRAHAM, AND THE GOD OF ISAAC, and the God of Jacob'? "He is not the God of the dead, but of the living; you are greatly mistaken."
Luke 20:37,38 "But that the dead are raised, even Moses showed, in the passage about the burning bush, where he calls the Lord THE GOD OF ABRAHAM, AND THE GOD OF ISAAC, AND THE GOD OF JACOB. Now He is not the God of the dead but of the living; for all live to Him."
20. Jesus' recognized the Authority of the Scribes and Pharisees as being based on Moses. He might have been implying that they were self-appointed.
Matthew 23:2 saying: " The scribes and the Pharisees have seated themselves in the chair of Moses;
21. Jesus points out how the Pharisees had invalidated one of the 10 commandments by excepting a diverted sacrificial gift.
Mark 7:10 "For Moses said, ' HONOR YOUR FATHER AND YOUR MOTHER'; and, ' HE WHO SPEAKS EVIL OF FATHER OR MOTHER, IS TO BE PUT TO DEATH';
22. In the Parable of the rich man and Lazarus, Jesus quotes Abraham as saying that Moses and the Prophets is all that is needed.
Luke 16:29 "But Abraham said, 'They have Moses and the Prophets; let them hear them.'
Luke 16:31 "But he said to him, 'If they do not listen to Moses and the Prophets, they will not be persuaded even if someone rises from the dead.'"
23. The resurrected Jesus explains the things Moses and the prophets wrote about Himself.
Luke 24:27 Then beginning with Moses and with all the prophets, He explained to them the things concerning Himself in all the Scriptures.
Luke 24:44 Now He said to them, " These are My words which I spoke to you while I was still with you, that all things which are written about Me in the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms must be fulfilled."
__________________________________
Outline
1. Jesus' Orthodox Childhood Home
2. John's (the Author) summary concerning Jesus and the Law
3. The Testimony of Phillip to Nathanael
4. Jesus' own statements about the Law
5. Jesus uses something Moses did to illustrate His coming crucifixion.
6. Jesus says Moses will judge those who trust in the Law.
7. Jesus said Moses wrote about Himself.
8. Jesus points out God's role in the giving of the manna, denying Moses that authority, and then describing Himself as the true manna.
9. Jesus condemned those who did not keep the Spirit of the Law Of Moses and justified Himself when He broke the literal regulations in order to do good.
10. The Pharisees use the Mosaic Law to set a trap for Jesus.
11. Jesus uses the Law to defend Himself against them.
12. The Pharisees claim to be "disciples of Moses."
13. Jesus' teaching about the Messiah being crucified was considered a contradiction of the Torah.
14. John treated a prophecy about Jesus found in the Psalms as if it came from the Torah.
15. The Jewish authorities considered His claim to be the Son of God as the basis for executing Him under Mosaic Law.
16. Jesus sometimes commanded obedience to Moses' laws concerning the declaration of cleaness after healing people.
17. Moses and Elijah came from Heaven to meet with Jesus, to discuss with Him what He was about to go through.
18. Jesus explains the intent of Moses' Law concerning divorce.
19. The Sadducees try to use Moses' Law to prove there was no resurrection of the dead. Jesus silenced them using Moses' own words.
20. Jesus' recognized the Authority of the Scribes and Pharisees as being based on Moses.
21. Jesus points out how the Pharisees had invalidated one of the 10 commandments.
22. In the Parable of the rich man and Lazarus, Jesus quotes Abraham as saying that Moses and the Prophets is all that anyone needs.
23. The resurrected Jesus explains the things Moses and the prophets wrote about Himself.
__________________________________
1. Jesus' Orthodox Childhood Home
To understand the relationship between Jesus and Moses, and their two covenants, you should know that Mary & Joseph were observant Jews, and that everything Moses' law required of the birth of a firstborn Jew had been performed for Jesus. There was no rebellion against Moses or the Law in the home where Jesus grew up.
Luke 2:22-24 And when the days for their purification according to the law of Moses were completed, they brought Him up to Jerusalem to present Him to the Lord, (as it is written in the Law of the Lord, " EVERY firstborn MALE THAT OPENS THE WOMB SHALL BE CALLED HOLY TO THE LORD"), and to offer a sacrifice according to what was said in the Law of the Lord, " A PAIR OF TURTLEDOVES OR TWO YOUNG PIGEONS."
Luke 2:27 And he came in the Spirit into the temple; and when the parents brought in the child Jesus, to carry out for Him the custom of the Law...
Luke 2:39 When they had performed everything according to the Law of the Lord, they returned to Galilee, to their own city of Nazareth.
__________________________________
2. John's (the author) summary concerning Jesus and the Law
John 1:17 For the Law was given through Moses; grace and truth were realized through Jesus Christ.
__________________________________
3. The testimony of Phillip to Nathanael
John 1:45 Philip found Nathanael and said to him, "We have found Him of whom Moses in the Law and also the Prophets wrote--Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph."
__________________________________
4. Jesus' own statements about the Law
Matthew 5:17 "Do not think that I came to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I did not come to abolish but to fulfill.
Luke 16:17 " But it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away than for one stroke of a letter of the Law to fail.
Matthew 5:18 "For truly I say to you, until heaven and earth pass away, not the smallest letter or stroke shall pass from the Law until all is accomplished.
Luke 24:44 Now He said to them, " These are My words which I spoke to you while I was still with you, that all things which are written about Me in the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms must be fulfilled."
Matthew 7:12 "In everything, therefore, treat people the same way you want them to treat you, for this is the Law and the Prophets.
Luke 16:16 "The Law and the Prophets were proclaimed until John; since that time the gospel of the kingdom of God has been preached, and everyone is forcing his way into it.
Matthew 11:13 "For all the prophets and the Law prophesied until John.
Luke 10:26 And He said to him, "What is written in the Law? How does it read to you?"
Matthew 12:5 "Or have you not read in the Law, that on the Sabbath the priests in the temple break the Sabbath and are innocent?
Matthew 22:40 "On these two commandments depend the whole Law and the Prophets."
__________________________________
5. Jesus uses something Moses did to illustrate His coming crucifixion.
John 3:14 "As Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of Man be lifted up;
__________________________________
6. Jesus says Moses will judge those who trust in the Law.
Those who set their hope on Moses will be accused by Moses. Jesus will not need to judge them Himself.
John 5:45 "Do not think that I will accuse you before the Father; the one who accuses you is Moses, in whom you have set your hope."
__________________________________
7. Jesus said Moses wrote about Himself.
John 5:46 "For if you believed Moses, you would believe Me, for he wrote about Me."
__________________________________
8. Jesus points out God's role in the giving of Manna, denying Moses that authority, and then describing Himself as the true manna.
John 6:32 Jesus then said to them, "Truly, truly, I say to you, it is not Moses who has given you the bread out of heaven, but it is My Father who gives you the true bread out of heaven.
__________________________________
9. Jesus condemned those who did not keep the Spirit of the Law Of Moses and justified Himself when He broke the literal regulations in order to do good.
Matthew 23:23 "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you tithe mint and dill and cummin, and have neglected the weightier provisions of the law: justice and mercy and faithfulness; but these are the things you should have done without neglecting the others.
John 7:19 "Did not Moses give you the Law, and yet none of you carries out the Law? Why do you seek to kill Me?"
John 7:22,23 "For this reason Moses has given you circumcision (not because it is from Moses, but from the fathers), and on the Sabbath you circumcise a man. If a man receives circumcision on the Sabbath so that the Law of Moses will not be broken, are you angry with Me because I made an entire man well on the Sabbath?
__________________________________
10. The Jewish Mosaic Leadership uses the Mosaic Law to set a trap for Jesus.
John 8:5 Now in the Law Moses commanded us to stone such women; what then do You say?"
John 8:7 But when they persisted in asking Him, He straightened up, and said to them, "He who is without sin among you, let
him be the first to throw a stone at her."
John 8:10 Straightening up, Jesus said to her, "Woman, where are they? Did no one condemn you?"
John 8:11 She said, "No one, Lord." And Jesus said, "I do not condemn you, either. Go From now on sin no more."
This is MERCY. She did deserve death, but so did her accusers. He was not ready to punish them all. He perceived
her humility towards Himself, and was merciful, but with a stern Moses-like warning.
__________________________________
11. Jesus uses the Law to defend Himself against them.
John 8:17 "Even in your law it has been written that the testimony of two men is true.
John 10:34 Jesus answered them, "Has it not been written in your Law, ' I SAID, YOU ARE GODS'?
__________________________________
12. The Pharisees claimed to be "disciples of Moses."
John 9:28 They reviled him and said, "You are His disciple, but we are disciples of Moses.
John 9:29 "We know that God has spoken to Moses, but as for this man, we do not know where He is from."
__________________________________
__________________________________
13. Jesus' teaching about the Messiah being crucified was considered a contradiction of the Torah.
John 12:34 The crowd then answered Him, "We have heard out of the Law that the Christ is to remain forever; and how can You say, 'The Son of Man must be lifted up'? Who is this Son of Man?"
__________________________________
14. John treated a prophecy about Jesus found in the Psalms as coming from the Jewish Torah.
John 15:25 "But they have done this to fulfill the word that is written in their Law, ' THEY HATED ME WITHOUT A CAUSE.'
__________________________________
15. The Jewish authorities considered His claim to be the Son of God as the basis for executing Him under Mosaic Law.
John 19:7 The Jews answered him, " We have a law, and by that law He ought to die because He made Himself out to be the Son of God."
_________________________________
16. Jesus commanded obedience to certain laws concerning the declaration of cleaness after healing people. This was a practical rule that was helpful to everyone, sort of like a certification proceedure, for the protection of othersand for the well being of the person healed, since it meant he could resume normal way of life.
Matthew 8:4 And Jesus said to him, " See that you tell no one; but go, show yourself to the priest and present the offering that Moses commanded, as a testimony to them."
Mark 1:44 and He said to him, " See that you say nothing to anyone; but go, show yourself to the priest and offer for your cleansing what Moses commanded, as a testimony to them."
Luke 5:14 And He ordered him to tell no one, "But go and show yourself to the priest and make an offering for your cleansing, just as Moses commanded, as a testimony to them."
__________________________________
17. Moses and Elijah came from Heaven to meet with Jesus, to discuss with Him what He was about to go through.
Matthew 17:3 And behold, Moses and Elijah appeared to them, talking with Him.
Mark 9:4 Elijah appeared to them along with Moses; and they were talking with Jesus.
Luke 9:30 And behold, two men were talking with Him; and they were Moses and Elijah,
__________________________________
18. Jesus explains the intent of Moses' Law concerning divorce.
Matthew 19:7,8 They said to Him, " Why then did Moses command to GIVE HER A CERTIFICATE OF DIVORCE AND SEND her AWAY?" He said to them, "Because of your hardness of heart Moses permitted you to divorce your wives; but from the beginning it has not been this way.
Mark 10:3,4 And He answered and said to them, "What did Moses command you?" They said, " Moses permitted a man TO WRITE A CERTIFICATE OF DIVORCE AND SEND her AWAY."
__________________________________
19. The Sadducees try to use Moses Law to prove there was no resurrection of the dead. Jesus silenced them using Moses' own words.
Matthew 22:24 asking, "Teacher, Moses said, ' IF A MAN DIES HAVING NO CHILDREN, HIS BROTHER AS NEXT OF KIN SHALL MARRY HIS WIFE, AND RAISE UP CHILDREN FOR HIS BROTHER.'
Mark 12:19 "Teacher, Moses wrote for us that IF A MAN'S BROTHER DIES and leaves behind a wife AND LEAVES NO CHILD, HIS BROTHER SHOULD MARRY THE WIFE AND RAISE UP CHILDREN TO HIS BROTHER.
Luke 20:28 and they questioned Him, saying, "Teacher, Moses wrote for us that IF A MAN'S BROTHER DIES, having a wife, AND HE IS CHILDLESS, HIS BROTHER SHOULD MARRY THE WIFE AND RAISE UP CHILDREN TO HIS BROTHER.
Mark 12:26,27 "But regarding the fact that the dead rise again, have you not read in the book of Moses, in the passage about the burning bush, how God spoke to him, saying, ' I AM THE GOD OF ABRAHAM, AND THE GOD OF ISAAC, and the God of Jacob'? "He is not the God of the dead, but of the living; you are greatly mistaken."
Luke 20:37,38 "But that the dead are raised, even Moses showed, in the passage about the burning bush, where he calls the Lord THE GOD OF ABRAHAM, AND THE GOD OF ISAAC, AND THE GOD OF JACOB. Now He is not the God of the dead but of the living; for all live to Him."
__________________________________
20. Jesus' recognized the Authority of the Scribes and Pharisees as being based on Moses. He might have been implying that they were self-appointed.
Matthew 23:2 saying: " The scribes and the Pharisees have seated themselves in the chair of Moses;
__________________________________
21. Jesus points out how the Pharisees had invalidated one of the 10 commandments by excepting a diverted sacrificial gift.
Mark 7:10 "For Moses said, ' HONOR YOUR FATHER AND YOUR MOTHER'; and, ' HE WHO SPEAKS EVIL OF FATHER OR MOTHER, IS TO BE PUT TO DEATH';
__________________________________
22. In the Parable of the rich man and Lazarus, Jesus quotes Abraham as saying that Moses and the Prophets is all that is needed.
Luke 16:29 "But Abraham said, 'They have Moses and the Prophets; let them hear them.'
Luke 16:31 "But he said to him, 'If they do not listen to Moses and the Prophets, they will not be persuaded even if someone rises from the dead.'"
__________________________________
23. The resurrected Jesus explains the things Moses and the prophets wrote about Himself.
Luke 24:27 Then beginning with Moses and with all the prophets, He explained to them the things concerning Himself in all the Scriptures.
Luke 24:44 Now He said to them, " These are My words which I spoke to you while I was still with you, that all things which are written about Me in the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms must be fulfilled."
__________________________________